2. Financial risk management

In the normal course of business, the Group is exposed to changes in market risk, liquidity risk and credit risk.

Precious Woods financial risk management seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on financial performance.

Risk management is carried out by the Group finance department under conditions approved by the Board of Directors and Group Management. The Group Management takes decisions covering specific areas, such as foreign exchange risk, on a case-by-case basis.

Market risk

The market risk includes interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and equity price risk.

Interest rate risk

Precious Woods has no significant interest-bearing assets. The Group’s interest rate risk arises from loans. Loans issued at variable rates expose Precious Woods to cash flow interest rate risks.

Group Management’s policy is to maintain its borrowings in fixed rate instruments. There was no material variable interest rate borrowing on 31 December 2022 as well as on 31 December 2023.

Foreign currency risk

Precious Woods operates internationally and is exposed to foreign currency risk arising from various currency exposures. The XAF is in a fix relation to the EUR. Most of the sales out from Gabon are denominated in EUR and largely all costs are in XAF. The sales out of Brazil are denominated in EUR and USD, the costs are in BRL. Therefore, the currency risk for the local books is given. Foreign currency risk arises when future commercial transactions or recognized assets or liabilities are denominated in a currency that is not the entity’s functional currency. Group loans are denominated in CHF, BRL, EUR and XAF.

To manage its foreign currency risk arising from future commercial transactions the Group may use forward contracts, transacted by the Group finance department. The Group did not use this instrument in the past two years.

The sensitivity analysis below is based on the exposure on 31 December based on assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by Group Management, showing the impact on profit or loss before tax as well as on equity. The Group uses historical volatilities of the currency pairs below to determine the reasonable shift.

The following table summarizes the Group’s sensitivity to currency exposures regarding the positions in the statement of financial position of the main currencies on 31 December:

Price risk

Precious Woods is exposed to equity securities price risks because of unlisted investments held by the Group and classified as measured at fair value through OCI. For details about the exposure please see Note 14.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk management is centralized at the Groups head office and monitored through cash flow forecasts. The subsidiaries provide regular forecasts based on the expected cash-inflows and -outflows. Excess funds are pooled in accounts managed by the holding company. Cash deficits are funded by the holding company in general. Group administration raises the majority interest-bearing debt centrally. The Group seeks to reduce liquidity risks through sufficient cash reserves and credit facility arrangements.

The following table analyses the Group’s remaining contractual maturities for financial liabilities:

Credit risk

Credit risk is managed on a Group basis. Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, and deposits with banks and financial institutions, as well as credit exposures to wholesale and retail customers, including outstanding receivables and committed transactions.

Where banks and financial institutions are concerned, generally independently rated parties with a minimum rating of “A” are accepted. Precious Woods has one main relation with a bank, which has a rating of “A+”. Most of the sales are CAD (Cash Against Documents) or L/C (Letter of Credit) and if this does not apply and the customers are independently rated, these ratings are used. The Group has set up a policy to minimize credit risk and monitor its clients. Customers who wish to trade on credit terms are subject to credit verification procedures. In addition, receivable balances are monitored on an ongoing basis. The maximum exposure to credit risk is represented by the carrying amount of each financial asset. The Group monitors its account receivables at individual customer level by payment due date rather than the number of days from invoice date. No concentrations of credit risk are currently present. An allowance for expected credit losses is determined on both an individual and a collective basis. An individual allowance is determined when a customer disputes the amount due, or if further steps have been taken to recover the overdue amount. Collective loss allowances are determined based on historical credit loss experience, adjusted for forward-looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment. For detailed information see Note 17.

The Group’s largest customer accounted for approximately 17 % of net revenues, and the second largest and third largest customers accounted for 16 % and 7 % of net revenues (2022: 17 %, 11 % and 9 %). The highest amounts of trade receivables outstanding per single customer amounted to 23 %, 13 % and 5 % of the Group’s trade receivables at 31 December 2023 (2022: 29 %, 11 % and 10 %).

Group Management regularly receives the relevant information on sales per customer as well as on major outstanding receivables positions and can thus take the necessary steps to minimize customer credit risk.

There is no other significant concentration of customer credit risk.

Capital management

When managing capital, Precious Woods’ objectives are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern and to maintain an optimal structure to reduce the cost of capital. In order to reach these goals, Precious Woods issue new shares or sells assets to reduce debts. The mid-term target of the Group is to have an equity ratio of >40 %. As per 31 December 2023, the Group’s equity ratio decreased to 31 %, from 37 % at end of 2022. The Group’s equity ratio compares the total shareholders equity to the total assets as presented in the consolidated statement of financial position. Capital is considered the equity attributable to holders of Precious Woods Holding. There were no changes in the Group’s approach to capital management during the year.

Guarantees and pledges of assets

As of 31 December 2023, the Group has pledged assets as follows:

• Land EUR 28.0 million
• Machinery and vehicles EUR 1.1 million
• Leased machinery and vehicles EUR 4.3 million

As of 31 December 2022, the Group had pledged assets as follows:

• Land EUR 26.2 million
• Machinery and vehicles EUR 1.6 million
• Leased machinery and vehicles EUR 4.1 million